上海滩涂春季鸻形目鸟类群落及围垦后生境选择

上海市位于长江口,拥有大量可开发的滩涂资源,但是由于不合理的开发方式,滩涂景观和生物群落发生改变。在2004年春季,鸻形目鸟类迁徙中转停留时,实地调查位于上海东部沿岸的10个调查点,研究滩涂生境指标与鸻形目鸟类群落关系。此次观察到的鸻形目鸟类有13种,优势种有尖尾滨鹬和黑腹滨鹬,而20年前的类似调查则观察到23种,优势种为黑腹滨鹬、细嘴滨鹬和红颈滨鹬。通过分析滩涂结构、植被分布与鸻形目鸟类群落之间的关系发现鸻形目鸟类对生境选择中,滩涂结构完整度、藨草带和光滩带的宽度、周边景观的多样性、人为干扰程度都是影响鸻形目鸟类栖息地选择的关键因子。最后,分析了鸻形目鸟类群落与栖息地景观的关系,并就如何改善围垦堤内的生态环境提出一些建议。     

Distribution of heavy metals in sediments of the Pearl River Estuary, Southern China: Implications for sources and historical changes

The distribution of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cd and As) in sediments of the Pearl River Estuary was investigated. The spatial distribution of heavy metals displayed a decreasing pattern from the turbidity maxima to both upstream and downstream of the estuary, which suggested that suspended sediments played an important role in the trace metal distribution in the Pearl River Estuary. In addition, metal concentrations were higher in the west part of the estuary which received most of the pollutants from the Pearl River. In the sediment cores, fluxes of heavy metals were consistent with a predominant anthropogenic input in the period 1970-1990. From the mid-1990s to the 2000s, there was a significant decline in heavy metal pollution. The observed decline has shown the result of pollution control in the Pearl River Delta. However, it is noteworthy that the metal concentrations in the most recent sediment still remained considerably high. Taken together, the enrichment of heavy metals in sediments was largely controlled by anthropogenic pollution.     

珠江口夏季有机碳的分布特征及其收支模拟研究

基于三维水质模型对珠江口夏季有机碳的分布特征及其收支进行了研究,量化了各动力学过程对有机碳分布的影响,这对于深入了解珠江口碳循环过程有重要意义.同时,采用2006年7—8月观测数据对模型进行了验证,结果显示模型模拟效果良好.研究表明,珠江口夏季有机碳呈明显的空间变化,其浓度总体上从口门向外海逐步降低,底层递减幅度大于表层;表层平均浓度为2.42 mg·L~(-1),底层平均浓度为1.91 mg·L~(-1).此外,有机碳在垂向上的分布与水体层化紧密相关,层化水域中的有机碳浓度随水深迅速下降,非层化水域上、下层的浓度差异不大.有机碳收支结果则表明,珠江口不同水域有机碳的物理、生化过程差异明显.在内伶仃洋,有机碳分布由物理过程主控,其主要来源与消耗分别为径流输送和沉降,两者分别约占该区域有机碳输入总量的83.80%、83.18%;在中伶仃洋,有机碳分布受物理和生化因素共同调控,其来源以生化产碳为主,动力输送为辅,主要耗碳项为沉降;在外伶仃洋,其西侧水域的有机碳主要来源与消耗分别为径流输送和沉降,有机碳分布受物理和生化过程共同调控,其中,物理过程占优势,而在其东侧水域,有机碳主要来源与消耗分别为生化产碳和生化耗碳,有机碳分布由生化过程主控.另外,捕食产碳和氧化耗碳分别是珠江口各生化过程中最重要的产、耗碳过程.     

Ecosystem Responses to Extreme Natural Events: Impacts of Three Sequential Hurricanes in Fall 1999 on Sediment Quality and Condition of Benthic Fauna in the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina

A study was conducted in November 1999 to assess sediment quality and condition of benthic fauna in the Neuse River Estuary (NRE), North Carolina, USA, following the passage of three Atlantic hurricanes during the two months prior. Samples for analysis of macroinfauna (>0.5 mm sieve size), chemical contamination of sediments, and other abiotic environmental variables (salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, depth, sediment granulometry) were collected at 20 sites from the mouth of the Neuse River at Pamlico Sound to approximately 90 km upstream. Results were compared to those obtained from the same area in July 1998 using similar protocols. Depressed salinity, caused by extreme rainfall and associated high freshwater flow, persisted throughout much of the estuary, which had experienced periods of water-column stratification and hypoxia of underlying waters. Fifteen of the 20 sites, representing 299 km² (76% of the survey area), also showed signs of benthic stress based on a multi-metric benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI). Benthic impacts included reductions in the abundance, diversity, and numbers of species and shifts in taxonomic composition, with a notable increase in dominance of the opportunistic polychaete Mediomastus ambiseta as other former dominant species declined. There was no significant increase in the extent of chemical contamination compared to pre-hurricane conditions. Storm-related reductions in dissoved oxygen and salinity were the more likely causes of the observed benthic impacts, though it was not possible, based on these results, to separate storm effects from seasonal changes in the benthos and annual episodes of summer anoxia and hypoxia.     

上海滩涂后备土地资源及其可持续开发途径

上海潮滩土地资源十分丰富,高程2m以上的滩涂面积为266km2,0m以上滩涂面积为896km2,-2m以上的滩涂面积为1513km2,-5m以上的滩涂面积达2699km2。这些淤积潮滩每年以20～350m的速度不断地向海淤涨。但以自然淤涨的速度与上海市建设需求的土地相比,仍然入不敷出。据统计,近50年来上海市圈围土地8.0×102km2,而城市建设占用农业耕地面积15×102km2。因此,必须通过人工促淤途径,加速中、低滩沼泽化和围涂造地的速度,扩大土地面积来满足上海城市建设和经济发展所需。但是,滩涂的开发要适度,要遵循自然演变的基本规律,同时需要与河口的综合开发治理和生态修复相结合。     

Seasonal variation of the distribution of PCBs in sediments and biota in a PCB-contaminated estuary

To elucidate the effects of seasonal variation of precipitation on the distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in estuarine sediments and benthic feeders, PCB concentrations of river surface sediments and mullet fish (Liza macrolepis) were investigated in the estuary of Er-Jen River near former PCB contamination sites before and after each wet season from 2002 to 2004. Analyses of grain size distribution and organic matter revealed that the pre-existing surface sediments were covered by and mixed with the soil particulates brought by surface runoff after each wet season. Obvious increment of PCB content and significantly elevated fraction (p < 0.005) of light PCBs of the river mouth’s sediments after each wet season indicated that the invading particles were rich in unweathered PCBs. PCBs previously buried in the surface soil of heavily contaminated sites were flushed into this estuary through surface runoff. The precipitation altered the PCB patterns in sediment organic matter, the dietary source of mullet, and consequently changed that of mullets accordingly, which all possessed significant greater fraction of light PCBs. In this study, it was demonstrated that seasonal summer precipitation affected the distribution of PCBs on surface sediments and the mullets of this estuary. PCB residuals retained in this region still pose potential threats to biota resided here.     

灌河口表层土壤多环芳烃污染调查

为了解灌河口工业区表层土壤中多环芳烃的污染水平及健康风险。于2017年4月份在灌河口化工园区、火力发电厂和钢铁工业园区采集30个表层土壤样品,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对16种优控ω(PAH)进行了检测。结果表明,30个采样点16种PAH的ω(T-PAHs)总为1 212.8~12 264.5 ng/g,平均值为3 504.8 ng/g。其中单体PAH以Fl为主,平均比例高达19.4%,其次为Pyr(16.7%)和B[a]P(9.6%)。单体PAH相关性分析表明了污染物来源的一致性,主要来源于本地工业区原油、生物质和煤的燃烧过程。根据加拿大土壤环境质量标准,灌河口工业区87%的土壤PAHs污染超过了安全值,存在潜在的生态风险。     

长江口海域表层沉积物污染及其潜在生态风险评价

根据2004年8月份长江口海域表层沉积物的监测基础资料,采用单因子污染参数法和Hakanson前在生态风险指数法,通过分析长江口不同水域表层沉积物中典型污染要素PCB,Hg,Cd,Pb,As的质量分数,评价了长江口表层沉积物的质量状况。定量确定了长江口表层沉积物的潜在生态风险程度、主要污染因子和潜在生态风险因子;分析了近年来长江口表层沉积物总的潜在生态风险和单个污染要素的潜在生态风险的变化趋势。结果表明:长江口表层沉积物质量状况良好,各典型污染要素的质量分数值均小于背景值,典型污染要素的平均综合指数Cd为1.37,典型污染要素的污染程度由高至低顺序为As>Pb>Hg>PCB>Cd,As是主要环境污染因子;长江口各水域表层沉积物总的对水域均只具有低潜在生态风险,其由高至低的排列顺序为杭州湾北岸>长江口南支>长江口北支>长江口外;各典型污染物对水域也均只具有低潜在生态风险,其由高至低顺序为Hg>PCB>Cd>As>Pb,Hg是主要潜在生态风险因子;近年来,长江口表层沉积物总的潜在生态风险和单个污染物的潜在生态风险均呈现增加趋势。     

珠江口水、沉积物及水生动物中氯苯类有机物的含量及分布

对珠江口水、沉积物及水生动物体内氯苯类有机物(CBs)的污染现状进行了调查,并对该类污染物在水体多介质体系中的转移分配规律进行了初步研究1.结果表明,珠江口表层水中CBs的总浓度为16.44～963.20ng·L-,DCBs(二氯苯)对污染的贡献较为突出,占74.4%;表层沉积物(干重)中CBs总含量为7.83～40.09 ng·g-1,DCBs、TCBs(三氯苯)、TeCBs(四氯苯)、PeCB(五氯苯)和HCB(六氯苯)分别占总量的71.4%、11.1%、13.0%、1.2%、3.6%;水生动物中贝类的CBs平均含量是38873.0ng·g-1、鱼类为2360.3ng·g-1、虾类则为565.0ng·g-1,DCBs和TeCBs是水生动物体内的主要污染物.CBs在水、沉积物及生物体之间存在明显的富集和放大作用.